Present Perfect Tense

1.Introduction

The present perfect tense is used to describe an action or event that started in the past and ended now.

• Niyansh has just finished his homework.

 2.Helping Verb

Helping verbs of this tense are has and have.

    (1)(A) Have is used with plural noun subjects

As here,

• Students have finished the lesson

 (B) Have is used with these  pronouns

I ,we,they and   you.

    Examples: 

• I have written the story.
• We have won the match.
• They have gone to market.
• You have lost your bag.

 (2) (A) Has is used with singular noun subjects

• Aman has gone to market.

(B)  Has is used with these  pronouns(he, she, it).

•   She has finished her work.
•   He has learnt the story.

    3.Main Verb

                                   Third form of the verb is used in this tense.

Examples:

•    They have visited Paris.
•     He  has broken the vase.

4.Adverbs:-

The following  adverbs are commonly used in this tense

                                    Just, already, yet:-

             Examples: 

•   She has just left.
•   I have already taken my lunch.

Aman hasn’t  finished his homework yet?

                                  Ever, never:

•  Have you ever seen the ocean?
•  Have you never gone to Jaipur?

                             Recently, lately:-

Example: He has been busy lately.

 5.Structure

1. Affirmative Sentence structure

Subject + have/has + third form of verb+ object.

• I have completed my homework.
• She has traveled to Jailur.
• We have started learning English.
• They have won the match.
• She has cooked  food.
• You have finished your work.

   2. Negative Sentence Structure

Subject + have/has + not + third form of verb + object.

• They have not (haven’t) seen the movie.
• He has not (hasn’t) replied to the email.
• I haven’t finished my work yet.
• We haven’t completed our work yet.
• He hasn’t learnt this lesson.

3. Interrogative Sentence 

     What is an Interrogative Sentence?

???? An interrogative sentence is a type of sentence that asks a question.
It always ends with a question mark (?).

    Main Features of Interrogative Sentences:

• They are used to ask for information.

• They often begin with a question word like what, where, when, why, who, whose, which, how — or sometimes with helping verbs like is, are, do, does, did, can, will etc.

• They expect an answer.

    Types of Interrogative Sentences:

1. Yes/No Questions

   ➔ These questions can be answered with a simple “yes” or “no.”

   • Example:

     • Have you eaten  food?

     • Has she finished her homework?

2. Wh- Questions
   ➔ These questions begin with wh-words (what, where, when, who, why, which, whose, how) and need detailed answers.

   • Example:

     • Why have you helped  me?

     • Where has he gone ?

Structure of Interrogative Sentences:

Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + (Rest of the sentence) + ?
(1)  Have/Has + subject +  third form of verb+ object? (for yes/no questions)

•   Have you read this book recently? 
•  Wh-word + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + (Rest of the sentence) + ?
  (for wh-questions)
•  Why have you helped  me?

4.Negative-Interrogative sentence Structure

       (1) Helping Verb + Subject +not+ Main Verb + (Rest of the sentence) + ? 

•   Has the meeting not started yet?

      (2)  Wh-word + Helping Verb + Subject +not+ Main Verb + (Rest of the sentence) + ?

•     Why have you not finished your work yet?

Exercises

1. I ——– just taken tea.

2. He—- already gone.

3. We——-read this story recently.

4. She—–not made tea yet.

5. They ——–already won the match.

6.Why —— you plucked these flowers?

7.Why —– the students not finished  their homework yet?

8. ——the girls gone home?

9. It——just rained  here.

10.India —–won the champions Trophy match against Pakistan.

 Answers

1. Have 2. Has 3. Have 4. Has 5. Have

6. Have 7. Have 8. Have 9. Has 10. Have.